Definition of Household savings ratio: The percentage of disposable income that is saved. (1) Total savings = Disposable income – Household consumption UK Saving Ratio Latest UK household savings ratio: 2021 = 10% But, by 2021 Q4 the saving ratio had fallen to 6.2% By contrast, the average savings ratio in the past 54 years …
Economic sanctions are policies designed to hurt the economy of a target country. Sanctions can involve trade embargoes, seizure of assets, travel bans and limits on capital flows. The aim of sanctions is usually to provide a political signal of disapproval which stop short of military action. They can be imposed by one country unilaterally, …
Putting aside the very real human cost, war has also serious economic costs – damage to infrastructure, a decline in the working population, inflation, shortages, uncertainty, a rise in debt and disruption to normal economic activity. From some perspectives, war can appear to be beneficial in terms of creating demand, employment, innovation and profits for …
Definition of stagflation Stagflation is a period of rising inflation but falling output and rising unemployment. Stagflaton is often a period of falling real incomes as wages struggle to keep up with rising prices. Stagflation is often caused by a rise in the price of commodities, such as oil. Stagflation occurred in the 1970s following …
The output gap is a measure of the difference between actual output (Y) and potential output (Yf). A positive output gap means growth is above the trend rate and is inflationary. A negative output gap means an economic downturn with unemployment and spare capacity The output gap = Y- Yf Diagram for Output Gap The …
Biflation is a term used to describe a period where some prices are rising and some prices are falling. It can appear we have both inflation and deflation at the same time. CPI = Headline inflation rate CPI less food and energy = underlying or core inflation. In the above example, the headline rate is …
The Dutch disease refers to the problems associated with a rapid increase in the production of raw materials (like oil and gas) causing a decline in other sectors of the economy. When the raw materials run out, the economy can be in a worse position than before. – Can the discovery of substantial raw materials …
One of the great events in European economic history was the great plague of the 14th Century. The Black Death, which swept across Europe (killing up to 30% of citizens), led to a profound change in economic circumstances. Due to the shortage of labour, peasants were freed from their serfdom. With great demand for labour, …