In recent years, airlines have become adept at charging customers for ‘extra services’. These extra services include: Seats with more leg room. Choosing a seat earlier Paying a penalty to check in at airport (budget airlines) Priority boarding Checked in luggage (budget airlines) Meals debit /credit card surcharges (Ryanair) Economic concepts involved Price discrimination/ price targeting …
The trend rate of economic growth is the average sustainable rate of economic growth over a period of time. It is determined by growth in productivity.
Most firms seek to become bigger – increasing sales and market share. Firms can grow through internal expansion, external growth (merger) or diversification into related industries. The motives for increasing in size can include: Greater sales lead to greater profit, making the firm more attractive to shareholders Successful, growing firms are likely to increase salaries/pay …
Readers Question: When considering national economic policy government must accept that there is a trade-off between inflation and unemployment. Discuss. National Economic Policy will be concerned with these main macro economic objectives Sustained and sustainable economic growth Low Unemployment Low inflation (inflation target often 2%) Low current account deficit (satisfactory balance of payments) Stable Exchange …
In 1979, the election of Mrs Thatcher’s Conservative party led to the introduction of new supply-side policies, which challenged the post-war consensus and tried to implement free-market reforms into the UK. Intellectual support for supply-side economics Mrs Thatcher was impressed with right-wing intellectuals such as Milton Friedman and F. Hayek. They were critical of social …
New trade theory (NTT) suggests that a critical factor in determining international patterns of trade are the very substantial economies of scale and network effects that can occur in key industries. These economies of scale and network effects can be so significant that they outweigh the more traditional theory of comparative advantage. In some industries, …
The Washington Consensus refers to a set of broadly free market economic ideas, supported by prominent economists and international organisations, such as the IMF, the World Bank, the EU and the US. Essentially, the Washington consensus advocates, free trade, floating exchange rates, free markets and macroeconomic stability. The ten principles originally stated by John Williamson …
The principal-agent problem is a situation where an agent is expected to act in the best interest of a principal. But, the agent has different incentives to the principal, leading to a conflict of interests. A principal delegates an action to another individual (agent), but there are two issues. Firstly, the principal does not have …