Definition of Fiscal Space – The difference between the current level of public debt and the level of debt that is sustainable and manageable. A key issue for many advanced economies is being aware of the level of government borrowing that is sustainable in the long term. Basically, how much can a government borrowing without …
There is speculation about how long interest rates will stay at zero. – See: – How long will interest rates stay at zero? Another issue is the limitations of zero interest rates. There is much hope / expectations that fiscal austerity can be offset by loose monetary policy – i.e. if we cut government spending …
In the past few years, we have had a bewildering array of different crisis – credit crunch, financial crisis, fiscal crisis, banking crisis, economic crisis, depression economics, oil price shock, currency crisis, housing crashes and more. Arguably, we should be calling continued mass unemployment a crisis. In many ways, it is more serious than a …
Readers Question: How can the U.S. economy be growing, even at 2%+, when the unemployment rate is so high. The unemployed don’t pay taxes, and obviously can’t spend their earnings. The US economy may be growing by 2%, but, it is still along way below potential output. It is merely recovering from a deep recession. …
Brief History Of UK Pensions Pre 1908, provision was patchy, based on charity or ‘poor laws’ which could see old people sent to workhouses. 1908 Pensions Act introduced first general old age pension paying a non-contributory amount of between 10p and 25p a week, from age 70, on a means-tested basis from January 1 1909 …
One feature of the past few years is the rapid rise in government borrowing. – not just a rise in real debt but a rise in debt to GDP. This means debt burdens are a bigger % of National Output. It’s not the first time this has happened. A rise in debt to GDP typically …
If you are studying for exams, you will hopefully, be learning that the value of a currency is generally influenced by factors such as: Interest rates – low interest rates lead to hot money flows out of economy and a weaker exchange rate. Relative inflation rates – Higher inflation makes a countries exports uncompetitive and …
For manufacturing investment, the real interest rate is important for determining the viability of investment. Lower interest rates make it cheaper to borrow. Therefore lower interest rates tend to encourage business investment. High real interest rates discourage investment. How interest rates affect the efficiency of investment At lower interest rates, the marginal efficiency of capital …