Benefits and benefits in kind by income decile

The average UK household receives on average £6,045 a year in government benefits (2013/14) (ONS, average incomes table 14, June 2015) The main benefits are: State pension Tax credits Housing benefit Unemployment benefit Disability allowance / incapacity benefits Student support Child benefit See benefit spending UK The biggest benefit is the state pension, with the …

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Income inequality by income decile

Income deciles show the average income for different income groups in society. A decile splits the population (by households) into 10 equal parts. Assuming there are 26 million households in the UK (2013/14) The bottom decile is the 2.6 million households with lowest income. The 2nd decile is the 2.6 million households in the next …

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Chain Weighted Inflation Measure

A chain-weighted inflation measure takes into account changes in both price and spending patterns. A chain-weighted inflation index measures both changes in the price of goods but also reflects changes in the number of goods bought. For example, suppose you buy two goods which are close substitutes – bananas (30p) and apples (30p) At this …

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Why set a lower Minimum Wage Rates for Young Workers?

Generally, minimum wages are set at lower levels for young workers. The argument is that young workers may need more training and high minimum wage may discourage firms employing them. UK National Minimum Wage Rates from April 2019 £8.21 –  25 and over £7.70 – Age 21-24 £6.15 – Age 18-20 £4.35 – Under 18 …

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Cost of Tax Avoidance / Evasion in UK

Readers Question:  Does anyone know if it is still true that £120bn is lost through tax avoidance/evasion.

There is a big difference between tax avoidance and tax evasion

  • Tax avoidance involves legal means to reduce your tax bill.
  • Tax evasion involves illegal means to reduce your tax bill.

Examples of Tax Avoidance

A perfectly  legal way to avoid paying taxes in the UK could include:

  • Putting shares in your wife’s name. If your wife pays a lower income tax bracket, the family will pay fewer capital gains tax than if you are eligible for paying the higher rate of income tax.
  • Avoiding inheritance tax by giving money/assets to your children more than 7 years before your passing.
  • Setting up a company and paying yourself dividends rather than paying income tax and national insurance.
  • Moving to another country (or the Channel Islands, Isle of Man) and spending more than half the year living abroad. This avoids paying income tax
  • income paid in the form of offshore assets.

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High immigration boosts real GDP

real-gdp-vs-real-gdp-per-capita

The home secretary Theresa May will state that immigration has little economic benefit. “at best the net economic and fiscal effect of high immigration is close to zero”. (Independent) There are potential costs of immigration – for example, the UK is struggling to build sufficient housing to prevent rising house prices and rents. But, one …

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Nobody wants a free good?

Readers Question: Is the following concept correct or not – Nobody wants a free good? Firstly, a free good is a good with zero opportunity cost. Water is usually a free good in the UK. Examples of a free good include: Water (where supply is abundant) Air (where supply is abundant) Blackberries growing in the …

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Evaluate methods to avoid product failure?

Product failure is when a new product is launched but fails to gain sufficient sales and market sales, resulting in a net loss for a firm. To understand product failure, it is good to look at a few examples of product failure. (Top 20 product failure here) Some of these examples, give very simple methods …

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