Failures of the Bank of England

It’s not a good time to be a member of the Monetary Policy Committee. Inflation far exceeding forecasts and the Bank was forced into something of a u-turn belatedly increasing interest rates in a shock-and-awe tactic designed to regain credibility. Some critics argue the recent interest rate rises are like using a sledgehammer to crack …

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Inelastic demand

inelastic-demand

Definition – Demand is price inelastic when a change in price causes a smaller percentage change in demand. It occurs where there is a price elasticity of demand (PED) of less than one. Goods which are price inelastic tend to have few substitutes and are considered necessities by users. Diagram of price inelastic demand For …

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The effect of tax cuts on economic growth and revenue

laffer-curve-2018

Politicians often promise tax cuts can lead to higher productivity, higher economic growth, and even pay for themselves through a boost to long-term incomes. These promises may chime with the electorate who tend to prefer promises of tax cuts. But, do tax cuts really increase economic growth? There are two impacts of lower tax. Increasing …

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Cost-Push Inflation

cost-push-inflation-2018-actual-cpi

Definition: Cost-push inflation occurs when we experience rising prices due to higher costs of production and higher costs of raw materials. Cost-push inflation is determined by supply-side factors, such as higher wages and higher oil prices. Cost-push inflation is different to demand-pull inflation which occurs when aggregate demand grows faster than aggregate supply. Cost-push inflation …

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Policies to reduce cost-push inflation

reducing-cost-push-inflation

Cost-push inflation is caused by higher costs of production, such as rising oil prices, higher nominal wages, and increased commodity prices. To reduce this kind of inflation, the government can pursue deflationary monetary policy and/or supply side policies. But, in truth, it is difficult to reduce cost-push inflation because higher interest rates are likely to …

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Learning effect – definition, explanation

learning-effect-

The learning effect can mean one of two things How education leads to increased productivity and higher wages How production processes can learn from past production to increase productivity over time. The learning effect can lead to a learning curve – which represents how average costs of production change over time. Learning effect – Education …

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